Beans are a thermophilic crop, therefore they are planted only after stable heat is established. In regions where the summer is short and the lingering springs, legumes, like solanaceous crops, are grown through seedlings. This allows you to accelerate the harvest for at least a couple of weeks.
Bean planting for seedlings
In the south, beans are grown by direct sowing in the ground, and in the cooler regions the seedling method is popular. Seedlings are grown at home, in greenhouses or other warm rooms.
Ground preparation and tanks
Bean seedlings do not tolerate transplanting, so experienced gardeners refuse to grow seedlings in containers. If you sow the culture in separate glasses, you do not have to dive seedlings - they, upon reaching the desired size, are immediately transplanted into the open ground.
Along with plastic cups, peat pots are used for growing bean seedlings. They are more expensive, but peat containers are put in holes with plants. This allows to preserve the roots of seedlings intact, and peat serves as an additional fertilizer.
Features of the preparation of containers and soil for bean seedlings:
- It is recommended to use new glasses for growing seedlings. If the container is old, it is scalded with boiling water or disinfected with a solution of potassium permanganate.
- Seedlings are grown in a universal substrate, which is disinfected before use. The easiest way - pouring potassium permanganate, followed by drying.
- Instead of purchased substrate, you can use soil mixtures prepared according to one of the following recipes:
- peat, humus and sawdust are mixed in a ratio of 2: 2: 1;
- turf land and compost in equal parts;
- garden and turf land in a ratio of 3: 2.
In the mixture without sawdust, it is recommended to add river sand (about 10%) and some wood ash.
Sowing dates
Seedlings from the moment of sowing to planting are grown for about 3-4 weeks. To determine the timing of sowing, focus on the climate of the region. Beans are planted in the ground when stable heat is established on the street.
Suitable conditions for planting beans:
- air temperature is set at + 20 ... + 25 ° C;
- the soil is warmed up to + 12 ... + 15 ° С;
- the probability of frost is excluded.
Recommended planting dates for seedlings by region:
- Ural - in early May;
- Siberia - in the second decade of May;
- The middle strip of Russia is in late April or early May;
- Northwest region - in the first decade of May;
- The southern regions - in the second half of March (in the south, beans are not grown by seedlings).
Seed preparation before planting
Purchased seeds are usually already prepared for planting, so they, unlike the material collected on their own, do not have to be further disinfected, but hardening and soaking will not damage them.
The procedure for preparing seeds for sowing:
- Calibrate. Inspect the bean beans. Discard all small, wrinkled, damaged, different in color from the total mass. Place the selected seeds in a saline 5% solution.
Throw up instances that pop up. They are not suitable for landing. Rinse the rest with salt and proceed to the next preparatory exercise. - Disinfect. Seeds are placed in a 1-2% solution of potassium permanganate for 20 minutes. Rinse with running water and dry.
- Soak. Soak the seeds for 12-15 hours in wet gauze. Do not exceed the soaking time, as the beans may become sour. To soak, use melt or rain water. Make sure that the gauze does not dry out, but do not allow stagnation of water.
- Temper. This event is relevant for regions where it is possible to lower temperatures after transplanting seedlings into the ground. To harden the seeds, they are kept for 5-6 hours, in a soaked condition, in the refrigerator. Optimum temperature: + 4 ... + 5 ° C.
Seedling Technology
When the containers are filled with soil, and the seeds are pickled and sprouted, they begin to sow. In addition to containers, you will need prepared water - warm and settled.
The order of sowing beans for seedlings:
- Pour containers with soil. Wait for the water to soak.
- Plant one bean in each glass. Deepen them by 3-4 cm. If in doubt about germination, plant 2 pieces. If both beans sprout, then of the two plants, select the strongest.
- Sprinkle buried seeds with soil and compact it a little.
- Cover the glasses with a film - this is necessary to create a favorable microclimate. Place the sowing container in a warm place (+23 .. + 24 ° C) until emergence.
- Remove film for 10-15 minutes daily to ventilate crops and prevent condensation.
- After 4-5 days, when the shoots appear, the film is removed, and the crops are rearranged closer to the light. But the temperature is reduced to + 16 ... + 20 ° C. Do not let the temperature drop, otherwise the seedlings will stop developing and may die.
- Seedling care is to maintain normal lighting, cultivating, watering.
- A week before planting in the ground, begin hardening seedlings, daily taking it to fresh air. As soon as 3-4 seedlings appear in the seedlings, and the weather is suitable on the street, begin to prepare for transplanting seedlings into the ground.
Transplanting seedlings in open ground
Beans are undemanding to soils, the main thing is that they are not clay - water stagnates in them, because of which the roots of plants rot. It is recommended to prepare the soil in the fall - to dig and make organic fertilizers.
When growing beans, crop rotation is observed. The culture is recommended to grow after nightshade (tomato, potato, pepper, eggplant), cucumbers or cabbage. After legumes, beans are planted no earlier than 3-4 years.
Good neighbors for beans are carrots, beets, cabbage, cucumbers and tomatoes.
The soil is first dug deep - on the bayonet of a shovel (about 30 cm). Then make organic and mineral fertilizers. For 1 square. m:
- compost and humus - 3 kg;
- wood ash - 1 glass;
- superphosphate - 1 tbsp. l .;
- nitrofoska - 1 tbsp. l
Fertilizers scattered around the site are mixed with soil, digging it 10 cm.
Seedling transplant order:
- Prepare the beds. Level them with a rake and dig holes with intervals of 15-20 cm. Leave 40-50 cm between rows. When choosing distances, take into account the characteristics of the variety - the more spreading and taller the plant, the greater the intervals.
- Water the seedlings before transplanting. This will make it easy to extract plants from glasses.
- Carefully remove seedlings from glasses. Try to remove them with a lump of soil.
- Carefully transfer the seedlings to the recesses. Plant seedlings 1-2 cm deeper than they grew in glasses. Sprinkle the soil with soil and gently compact. If seedlings grow in peat pots, plant with the container.
- Water the planted seedlings and mulch the soil. If there is a risk of cooling, cover the overnight landings with foil.
If curly varieties of beans are planted, then during planting, supports are installed - single stakes or trellises.
Features and scheme planting bush and curly beans
The scheme and method of planting depends on the type of beans. Shrub varieties are planted a little thicker than curly.
Planting scheme for bush / curly beans:
- Intervals between plants - 20-25 / 25-30 cm.
- The distance between the rows is 40 / 45-50 cm.
Beans are grown in rows or holes. The planting method is chosen taking into account the varietal characteristics of the beans and personal preferences.
Landing methods:
- In rows. The easiest and most popular option. Plants are arranged in one row, leaving wide aisles. This method is used if there is no shortage of space on the site.
- Ribbons. This option is also called multi-line. Beans are planted in 2-3 rows (lines). The distance between them is less than between the rows - about 25 cm. This allows you to save space.
- Nests. This option is especially suitable for climbing varieties. A stake is placed in the center, and several plants are planted around it - 5-6 pieces, which will be woven around it.
Outdoor seedlings care
Beans are an undemanding vegetable plant, but without proper care it will not give a good harvest. In order for each bush to give the maximum number of pods densely packed with beans, it is necessary to water and loosen the bean beds in time, and if necessary, feed them.
Watering
The development and productivity of beans is largely dependent on watering. But when watering, one must observe moderation, since an excess of water leads to decay of plants.
Features of watering beans:
- Watering is especially important during crop formation. The size of the pods and beans depends on them. If the weather is hot and the plants do not receive water, flowers and ovaries are showered.
- After watering, the soil must be loosened so that a crust does not form. Simultaneously with loosening, weed vegetation is removed.
- Beans are watered about once a week. The frequency of watering depends on weather conditions - if it rains, the culture is watered less often.
- The norm of watering after transplantation is 10-12 liters per 1 sq. Km. m. During the formation of pods, the norm is increased to 16-18 liters.
- Beans are watered in the morning or evening, with settled or rain water. When watering, try not to get on the leaves of plants. It is recommended to pour water between the rows.
Thinning
If the beans are planted with seedlings, it is not necessary to thin out it. But if the gardener decides to play it safe, and plant the seedlings thicker than the agricultural technician requires, it will be necessary to remove the excess plants after a while.
But such a solution is practically not applied. Given the labor invested in seedlings, planting it for the purpose of future thinning is not economically feasible. As a rule, thinning is practiced when planting bean seeds in open ground.
Top dressing
The culture is undemanding to soils, and usually it is enough fertilizers applied during the preparation of the site. If the soil is infertile and not sufficiently loose, and the plants do not develop well, resort to top dressing.
Features of bean top dressing:
- Fertilizers are applied 2-3 times during the growing season.
- Beans themselves are able to accumulate soil nitrogen, so nitrogen fertilizers do not contribute under it.
- Under the beans planted in the soil, make potash and phosphorus fertilizers. You can make, for example, superphosphate and potassium sulfate in 20 and 30 g, respectively.
Beans are not recommended to be fed with organic substances, since their application often leads to clogging of crops.
Support
Bush beans do not need a garter; to give plants stability, hilling is enough. But curly grades can not do without supports. If you do not tie up the plants, they spread on the ground, they will hurt and rot.
Support options:
- Separate stakes. The recommended height is 2-2.5 m. They are buried 50 cm in depth. It is advisable to use wooden supports - plants weave better on them. The distance between adjacent stakes is 1 m.
- Inclined stakes. The supports are made of slats, which are installed at an angle on both sides of the beds, and fastened on top so that the inverted letter "V" is obtained.
- Hut. A stake is placed in the center, and stakes are driven in a circle at an angle, retreating 70 cm from the center. Their tops are tied to a central support.
- Trellis. Two supports are driven in along the edges of the beds, and a wire is pulled over them, or, better, a coarse mesh. The first garter is done at a height of 20-30 cm.
Protection against diseases and pests
Beans are not prone to diseases, but adverse weather conditions - dampness or cold, as well as a violation of agricultural technology, can provoke fungal, bacterial or viral diseases.
The most common bean diseases:
- Viral mosaic. The leaves are covered with a mosaic pattern, wrinkled and die. The disease is incurable. Affected bushes are torn out and burned.
- Anthracnose. On the leaves there are brown depressed spots, in the place of which holes eventually appear. Stains cover the stems and pods.
- Bacteriosis. Spots are scattered throughout the aerial parts of plants. The causative agent is able to live in the soil for years.
- Powdery Mildew Fungal disease that occurs with high humidity. White plaque appears on the leaves. Plants turn yellow and dry.
To combat kidney diseases, biofungicides are used - Phytosporin, Mikosan, Bactofit, Trichodermin. Preventive spraying with 1% Bordeaux liquid and colloidal sulfur is also recommended.
The most dangerous pests:
- Sprout fly. Larvae of an insect gnaw young shoots. Proper crop rotation and seed dressing helps prevent damage.
- Bean kernels. Beans damage the beetle larvae. They gnaw the pulp of seeds.
- Pea moth. Caterpillars eating beans inside cause damage.
- Aphid. Small insects sucking sap from plants. Aphids can be controlled not only with insecticides, but also with folk remedies - spraying with onion husks or tobacco tops is effective.
Pre-sowing treatment of the soil allows preventing pests. To prevent lesions, bean plantings are treated with Fitoverm, Boverin, Akarin and other biological products.
Against bean kernels, thrips, cobweb mites and pea moths, Haupsin, Verticillin, Bicol, Trichodermin and other bio-insecticides are used.
Harvesting and storage
Beans for food are plucked when the beans in the pods grow to 3-4 mm. During this period, the seeds have a delicate texture, stews are prepared from them, soups are added to the first and second courses. Store green pods in the refrigerator.
Harvesting for the winter begins at the stage of full maturity of the pods. Features Harvesting Beans:
- Harvested bush beans are removed in two or three doses, as the pods ripen in concert. Curly varieties bear 1.5-2 months, until the colds. Pods are harvested every week.
- Harvesting time depends on the variety and its precocity:
- early varieties are ready for harvest after 50 days of vegetation;
- mid-season - after 70 days;
- late ripening - after 100 days.
- Do not hesitate to clean. If the pods are overripe, they will open and the beans will fall to the ground. Part of the crop will be lost.
- When mass harvesting bush beans, the plants are put to dry, preferably under a canopy. After a couple of days, you can start peeling.
Bean bushes are recommended to be cut under the root, and not torn, so that nodule bacteria remain in the soil, enriching it with nitrogen.
Store peeled beans in a dry place, folding it in a suitable container:
- fabric bags;
- paper bags;
- glass jars;
- plastic bottles.
To prevent beetles-kernels in bean beans, it is recommended to fry them in the oven at 90 ° C. Processing time - no more than 5 minutes.
Growing beans by the seedling method requires a little more effort from the gardener than when sowing seeds in open ground. But this method allows you to pick the first pods in regions with a short summer 2-3 weeks earlier than with the seedling method of cultivation.
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Russia. City Novosibirsk
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